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October activities and lessons: http://www.kinderart.com/seasons/oct.shtml
October is New York State Humanities Month.
October is Family History Month.
October is National Stamp Collecting Month
The American Philatelic Society: http://www.stamps.org/kids/kid_StampFun.htm
offers a number of online recourses to show students the enjoyment of
this educational hobby. Information on such topics as new stamp arrivals,
tips on how to start a club or a collection, and interesting facts about
stamps and mail delivery are provided. Also included is a special "Lewis
& Clark" activity section highlighting stamps that commemorate
the landmark expedition.
International School Library Day Fourth Monday in October
each year:
http://www.iasl-slo.org/isld.html
Fall websites
The Foliage Network: http://www.foliagenetwork.com/
Fall Color & Facts: http://ncnatural.com/fall-
color/
Fall Fun at Kids Domain: http://www.kidsdomain.c
om/holiday/fall/index.html
Pumpkins and More: http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/pumpk
ins/
USApple Association - Fall Recipes: http://www.usapple.org/sp
ecial/fallrecipes.html
The Miracle of Fall - Fall Education: http://www.urbanext
uiuc.edu/fallcolor/education.html
Columbus Day
Christopher Columbus - A Culinary History: http://www.castellobanfi.com/features/story_3.html
Columbus Day Ship Rhyming Page:
http://abcteach.com/MonthtoMonth/October/shipphonics.htm
Columbus Day Ship Shape Book:
http://abcteach.com/MonthtoMonth/October/columbusship.htm
Columbus Day Lesson Plans: http://www.lessonplanspage.com/ColumbusDay.htm
Columbus Navigation Homepage: www.columbusnavigation.com
In Columbus' day, sailors navigated by dead reckoning: calculating their
position by measuring the course and distance sailed from some known point.
In order for this method to work, the navigator needed a way to measure
his course, and to measure distance traveled. This site explores the details
of Columbus' navigational techniques, including his unsuccessful experiments
with celestial navigation. Its sister site, The Columbus Landfall Page,
reviews all the current evidence and lets you conclude where Columbus
first landed.
Examining the reputation of Christopher Columbus:
http://www.hartford-hwp.com/Taino/docs/columbus.html
What Came To Be Called America:
http://metalab.unc.edu/expo/1492.exhibit/a-America/america.html
Word Search: Columbus Day: http://www.thepotters.com/puzzles/kids/columbus.html
1492 An Ongoing Voyage: http://metalab.unc.edu/expo/1492.exhibit/Intro.html
Columbus Shape Book: http://abcteach.com/MonthtoMonth/October/columbusshape.htm
Columbus Timeline: http://abcteach.com/MonthtoMonth/October/timeline.htm
Nina: http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Mark_Gist/nina_pag.htm
Parts Of The Santa Maria: http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Mark_Gist/ship_par.htm
The Columbus Santa Maria: http://www.santamaria.org/
Columbus: Secrets from the Grave: http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/columbus/columbus.html
Secrets from the Grave explores historian Charles Merrrill's theories
about Christopher Columbus's origins. "One theory is that if Columbus
was from Catalonia and not Genoa he had good reason to hide his origins."
Learn about the forensic techniques used on bones believed to be those
of Columbus and find out what handwriting analysis has revealed. The site
also contains a video preview of the television special, three jigsaw
puzzles, and a Christopher Columbus quiz.
Columbus's Ships: http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/ships.htm
Photos Of Replica Ships:
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Mark_Gist/Homepage.htm
Voyage 1: http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v1.htm
Voyage 2: http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v2.htm
Voyage 3: http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v3.htm
Voyage 4: http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v4.htm
Columbus Report Form:
http://abcteach.com/MonthtoMonth/October/report.htm
Christopher Columbus: http://metalab.unc.edu/expo/1492.exhibit/c-Columbus/columbus.html
Christopher's Crossing:
http://edweb.sdsu.edu/courses/edtec670/Cardboard/Board/C/Columbus.html
Columbus Coat Of Arms: http://metalab.unc.edu/expo/1492.exhibit/full-images/columbus.gif
Columbus's Crew: http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/crew.htm
The Columbus Letter: http://www.usm.maine.edu/~maps/columbus/
Famous People: Christopher Columbus: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/famouspeople/standard/columbus/
This BBC Famous People site is excellent for lower elementary grades.
First click your way through Learn for a slide show of Columbus facts.
Then test your knowledge with the four-question illustrated multiple-choice
quiz. For more Columbus, mouse over to Journeys in the left-hand menu.
Fire Prevention
Week
Originally proclaimed as Fire Prevention Day in 1920 by President Woodrow
Wilson, it commemorated the anniversary of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871.
In 1925, President Calvin Coolidge expanded the event to a whole week.
He noted that in the previous year some 15,000 lives were lost to fire
in the United States. Calling the loss "startling," President
Coolidge's proclamation stated: "This waste results from conditions
which justify a sense of shame and horror; for the greater part of it
could and ought to be prevented."
FEMA Fire Administration Kids Page: http://www.usfa.fema.gov/kids/
Each year over 100,000 destructive fires are started by kids. Education
is the only way to reduce these frightening statistics. The Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA) has created a marvelous site that is both educational
and entertaining. In Hydro's Hazard House can you find all the fire hazards?
There arefire safety quizzes and the lesson plans for pre-K through third
grade.
Fire Prevention Week: http://www.firepreventionweek.org
The official Fire Prevention Week site from
the National Fire Prevention Association (NFPA) has tips and educational
material for kids, parents and educators. Families will find fun games,
coloring pages and important safety information in the Kids & Parents
link in the top right-hand corner. Teachers will find classroom materials
on the link of the same name in the blue left-hand menu. Highlights of
both sections include educational PDFs that can be printed and freely
distributed.
Great Chicago Fire: http://www.chicagohs.org/fire/intro/
National Fire Prevention Week has its roots
in the Great Chicago Fire of October 9, 1871. This quick-spreading fire
killed 300 people, left 100,000 homeless, and destroyed more than 17,000
buildings. How did it start? One popular legend tells the story of Mrs.
Catherine O'Leary milking her cow when the animal kicked over a lamp,
setting the O'Leary's barn on fire. The blaze burned more than 2000 acres
in twenty-seven hours. The City of Chicago rebuilt quickly, and within
a couple of years residents began celebrating their successful restoration
by memorializing the anniversary of the fire.
OUPD Kid Safety: http://www.ou.edu/oupd/kidsafe/fire.htm
This animated slide show teaches fire safety (including
how to create a home escape plan) and then moves onto other safety subjects.
Following the forward or backward arrow will take you to electrical safety
("Never put anything into an electrical outlet"), gun safety
("Never touch a weapon, no matter where you find it"), telephone
safety, poison safety, school bus safety, stranger danger, and believe-or-not
more. For a complete listing of all eighteen safety tutorials, click on
"Stop" then "Menu."
Sparky the Fire Dog: http://www.sparky.org/
Sparky the Fire Dog is the official dalmatian
"spokes dog" of the NFPA. There are many fun spots (dalmatian,
spots, get it?) here. Fire truck afficionados will enjoy driving the big
red Shockwave fire truck in "Get out of the way." Blast your
horn, and the cars on the road will get out of your way. Ever wondered
how your Aunt Edna would look in dalmatian spots? Or what about a rabbit?
Find out who looks best in spots with the Shockwave game Dalmatianize.
Fire Prevention: http://firesafety.buffnet.net/
FIREMAN THEMES: http://www.childfun.com/themes/fireman.shtml
Explore children's fascination with some of our country's best heroes
with this thematic learning page on firefighters.
FIRE SAFETY: http://www.angelfire.com/ga/prespecial/Firesafety.html
This thematic unit on fire safety considers the
subject through circle time activities, art projects, cooking, and center
time exercises.
Fire Station: http://abcteach.com/buildings/firestation.htm
Kid's Fire Safety: http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Academy/3483/kidsfirepg.html
Kid's Fire Safety Tips: http://www.kfst.net
Puzzles: http://www.dos.state.ny.us/kidsroom/firesafe/puzzles.html
Smokey The Bear Colorings: http://www.smokeybear.com/cgi-bin/rbox/color_it.cgi
About Hershey The Fire Dog: http://www.dos.state.ny.us/kidsroom/firesafe/about.html
Bear Facts: http://www.smokeybear.com/bea.html
Fire Lessons: http://www.dos.state.ny.us/kidsroom/firesafe/lessons.html
Fire Trucks: http://www.dos.state.ny.us/kidsroom/firesafe/trucks.html
Put The Fire Out: http://www.smokeybear.com/cam_putout.html
Smokey Mail: http://www.smokeybear.com/smo.html
Campfire Games: http://www.smokeybear.com/cam.html
Education For Fire Prevention: http://www.nfpa.org/Education/index.html
Fire Prevention History: http://info.load-otea.hrdc-drhc.gc.ca/~fireweb/histryen.htm
Forest Fun: http://www.smokeybear.com/for.html
October 1
-1881: Aviation pioneer William E. Boeing was born in Detroit, Michigan.
He went to Harvard, but left early to go into the timber industry. He
became interested in flying, took lessons, and bought a small plane. On
his first solo flight from Los Angeles to Seattle, he misjudged his landing
and damaged his plane. When he learned that replacement parts would take
weeks to ship, he decided to make his own, and that was the start of the
company that became Boeing Aviation.
-1904: Classical pianist Vladimir Horowitz was born in Ukraine. When he
was eight years old, he began studying music at the Kiev Conservatory.
He got his big break in 1926 when he played Tchaikovsky's First Piano
Concerto with only a half-hour's notice. He got a standing ovation and
became an overnight success. When he had already established a secure
reputation, the only major composer who had not opened up to him was Arturo
Toscanini. After they met, Horowitz eventually won over Toscanini with
his charm, and later married Toscanini's daughter. In 1986, he returned
to his native Russia to give a series of concerts. It was his first return
visit in sixty years.
-1914: Historian and author Daniel J. Boorstin was born in Atlanta, Georgia.
He won the Pulitzer Prize in 1974 for Empire of Czar. His other
books include The Discoverers (1983), a study of great explorers
in history, and The Creators (1992), which chronicles the achievements
of great artists.
-1920: Actor Walter Matthau was born in New York City. He won an Oscar
for Best Supporting Actor for his role in The Fortune Cookie (1966),
and this was also the movie in which he starred with Jack Lemmon for the
first time.
-1965: Actress who played Maria in The Sound of Music (1965), Julie
Andrews was born Julie Elizabeth Wells in Surrey, England. She showed
much talent even at a young age, and her father encouraged her. He taught
her to read and write when she was three years old. When she was eight
she began acting in theaters, and when she was thirteen she sang for the
queen. Later, she became the youngest professional actress to play the
lead role in My Fair Lady.
October 2
-1800: Nat Turner, leader of major slave rebellion, was born in Southampton
County, Virginia.
-1879: Poet Wallace Stevens was born in Reading, Pennsylvania. His father
was a lawyer with a strong interest in literature. Wallace went to Harvard
and then got a law degree from New York University. His first book of
poems, Harmonium, was published in 1923. Although he wrote highly
imaginative poems, he led a simple, uneventful life as an executive at
a Hartford, Connecticut insurance company. Stevens kept his life as a
poet separate from his life as an executive. He would wake up at six o'clock
to read for two hours before going to work, and he wrote many of his poems
while walking home from the office in the evening. He wrote some of his
best poetry after he reached the age of sixty, including the collections
Notes Toward a Supreme Fiction (1942), The Auroras of Autumn
(1947), and An Ordinary Evening in New Haven (1950).
-1890: Comedian Groucho Marx was born in New York City. In 1908 he began
acting with his brothers Harpo and Chico, and they became famous as the
Marx Brothers. He was known as the most talkative Marx brother, and he's
famous for his snappy insults. He said, "Marriage is a wonderful
institution. That is, if you like living in an institution." And,
"I have nothing but confidence in you, and very little of that."
-1904: Writer Graham Greene was born in Hertfordshire, England. He was
the son a school headmaster, and was a very shy child who often tried
to run away from home. After several suicide attempts in his teens, his
therapist encouraged him to start writing and introduced him to several
of his literary friends. Greene got a job as a journalist for the Times
in London. He met his future wife when she wrote in to correct a mistake
in one of his articles. He worked for the secret intelligence service
in Sierra Leone during World War II, and drew on his experience to write
his book The Heart of the Matter (1948). He traveled extensively
all over the world and associated with people such as Fidel Castro, Manuel
Noriega, and Panamanian dictator Omar Torrijos. His relationship with
Torrijos led him to write Getting to Know the General (1948). Greene
spent a good part of his life in Vietnam, and that experience gave him
the material for one of his most well known books, The Quiet American
(1955), which tells the story of an American, Fowler, who has an affair
with a Vietnamese girl. When professor Norman Sherry started writing Greene's
biography, Greene gave him a map of the world, and marked all of the places
he had traveled. Sherry decided to go to all of the spots Greene had visited,
and it took him twenty years to complete the book. Greene limited himself
to writing just five hundred words per day, and would even stop writing
in the middle of a sentence, but he ended up publishing over thirty books.
-1967: Thurgood Marshall was sworn in as an associate justice of the United
States Supreme Court. He was the first African-American appointed to the
nation's highest court.
October 3
-1873: Etiquette expert Emily Post was born in Baltimore, Maryland. She
started her writing career for financial reasons. Her husband had lost
his fortune in a great stock panic. After this, he and Post divorced,
and she had to raise her two daughters by herself. At first she was a
novelist, but after fifteen years, her publisher convinced her to write
an etiquette manual. She refused, because she thought that she knew nothing
about etiquette and because she hated etiquette books. Then she read one
of the books that had been published, and thought that it was completely
wrong. So she wrote her own. Post's first etiquette manual was published
in 1922. It was titled Etiquette in Society, in Business, in Politics
and at Home. She continued to write manuals for "high society"
until 1960. In addition to her books, Post wrote a syndicated newspaper
column that was carried by over two hundred newspapers. She said, "Manners
are a sensitive awareness of the feelings of others. If you have that
awareness, you have good manners, no matter what fork you use."
-1900: Thomas Wolfe was born in Asheville, North Carolina. He wrote autobiographical
novels, including Look Homeward Angel (1929). In that book he fictionalized
his hometown and the people he knew in it. He cast himself as Eugene Gant,
a kid who grew up reading history and adventure books. Wolfe spent many
years trying to become a playwright. But he was convinced to become a
novelist by Aline Bernstein, a married woman twenty years older than Wolfe
with whom he had a five-year love affair. He dedicated Look Homeward,
Angel to her, and made her the model for several characters in his
novels. Many of Wolfe's writings were published after his death at a young
age from meningitis. Before leaving on his last trip, he left an eight-foot-tall
crate of notebooks and writing with his editor. This included outlines
for his next two novels. After his sudden death, the editor went through
the writings and created two novels, The Web and the Rock (1939)
and You Can't Go Home Again (1940).
-1916: English veterinarian and author James Herriot was born James Alfred
Wight in Sunderland, England. Growing up, he never wanted to be anything
other than a veterinarian. After going to school in Glasgow he dreamed
of having a cutting-edge and flashy practice. He instead wound up, in
his own words, "sitting on a high Yorkshire moor in shirt sleeves
and Wellingtons, smelling vaguely of cows." But he fell in love with
Yorkshire and the challenging life of a country veterinarian. After over
twenty-five years as a veterinarian, Herriot started writing. He said
he wanted to tell people what it was like to be an animal doctor before
penicillin and modern medicine, and also about all of the people and funny
events that he met on his daily rounds. It took him a long time to decide
to finally write down his stories. In the end, his wife challenged him.
He was telling her about his day, and said that he would put part of it
in his book. She said to him, "Jim, you are never going to write
a book." She reminded him that he had been talking about it for twenty-five
years and had never written anything. He protested. She replied that old
vets don't just suddenly write books. Herriot said, "That did it.
I went straight out, bought a lot of paper and got down to the job."
His first book was If Only They Could Talk (1970). It took him
four years to get it published. The publishers only made 1200 copies,
and it was not a success. He thought that this would be his only book.
But he still had more stories to tell, and so he wrote another book, It
Shouldn't Happen to a Vet (1972). He suddenly became successful when
these two works were published together in the United States as All
Creatures Great and Small (1972). The book became a bestseller, and
Herriot became a famous author.
-1925: American novelist Gore Vidal was born Eugene Luther Vidal, in West
Point, New York He's the author of many novels, including Washington,
D.C. (1967) and Duluth: A Novel (1983). His essays are collected
as United States: Essays, 1952-1992 (1992). Vidal said, "Style
is knowing who you are, what to say, and not giving a damn."
-1990: East Germany and West Germany were reunited as Germany
October 4
-1861: Sculptor, artist, and adventure writer Frederic Remington was born
in Canton, New York. Remington is famous for his realistic and exciting
paintings and bronze sculptures of the American West. He first became
fascinated by the West after he left home as a young man. Like many young
men, he headed out West to find an exciting career and a new life, but
he soon lost all of his money to a con-man. He suddenly had to earn a
living, and tried out lots of different jobs. He was a storekeeper, a
shepherd, a cook on a ranch, a cow puncher and a stock man. The whole
time that he was working, he was also drawing pictures. Eventually, Remington
returned back East and began to publish his drawings. He suggested to
his editor that someone should write stories about the West for him to
illustrate. His editor told him that was a great idea, and then told Remington
to write the stories himself. So Remington began to write stories about
life in the West to go along with his own drawings. He found the West
beautiful and heroic, but he also saw that it was disappearing. He wrote,
"I knew the wild riders and the vacant land were about to vanish
forever ... and the more I considered the subject, the bigger the forever
loomed. Without knowing how to do it, I began to record some facts around
me, and the more I looked the more the panorama unfolded."
-1914: Journalist Brendan Gill was born in Hartford, Connecticut. He wrote
novels, plays, and essays, and he was a popular columnist for The New
Yorker for over fifty years. Gill's career at The New Yorker was
long and varied. He wrote fiction and essays. He was a film, theater,
and architecture critic. He also wrote books on architecture, and he wrote
biographies of Charles Lindbergh, Tallulah Bankhead, Cole Porter, and
Frank Lloyd Wright. Gill loved his job and he loved New York. He said,
"You feel, in New York City, the energy coming up out of the sidewalks,
you know that you are in the midst of something tremendous, and if something
tremendous hasn't yet happened, it's just about to happen."
-1957: Sputnik I, the first satellite, was launched from the Soviet Union.
October 4-5
- 1777: British General Gentleman Johnny Burgoyne held a council of war
with his staff during the month-long Battle of Saratoga, called by author
Richard Ketchum the turning point of America's
revolutionary war.
October 5
-1713: French encyclopedist Denis Diderot was born in Langres, France.
Over the course of twenty years, he wrote the great Encyclopedia
(vol. 1 1751). The book was banned after the seventh volume came out in
1759. Diderot not only wrote ten more volumes, but type-set them himself,
by hand.
-1936: Czech writer and President Vaclav Havel was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia.
When he was young, he worked as a stagehand and eventually began writing
plays. His most famous play, The Memorandum (1965), was about an
office that is forced to use a made-up language in all of their memos.
Havel is also an outspoken political activist. He was one of the leaders
of the movement for democratic reform in Czechoslovakia, and he became
the first president of Czechoslovakia in 1989. After the country divided,
he was elected President of the Czech Republic.
-1952: British screenwriter and novelist Clive Barker was born in Liverpool,
England. He has written many dark fantasy and horror short stories and
novels, including his well-known series of story collections, Books
of Blood (1984-1986). He has also written books for children. The
Thief of Always (1993) is about a young boy who is unhappy, and wishes
for the days to all go away. The boy is swept into a fantasy world where
Christmas comes every night.
October 7
-1765: Stamp Act Congress met in New York to protest British Stamp Act.
Ocotober 8
-1871: Great Chicago Fire
-1941: Jesse Jackson was born in Greenville, SC.
October 13
-1890: Novelist and short story writer Conrad Richter was born in Pine
Grove, Pennsylvania. His father, both his grandfathers and all his uncles
were preachers. As a young boy, he loved to hear them tell stories about
his ancestors who had been tradesmen, soldiers, country squires, blacksmiths,
and farmers. He was especially fascinated that one of his ancestors had
fought in the Revolutionary War under George Washington and another had
been a Hessian mercenary in the opposing British Army. He got a job as
a newspaper reporter, and he wrote fiction on the side, but most of his
stories were conventional and derivative of other writers. Then in the
late 1920s, his wife got sick and doctors suggested a change of climate,
so they moved to New Mexico. Richter became obsessed with the history
of the Southwest, and he began traveling around interviewing older men
and women and gathering old record books, newspapers, letters, and diaries
of the early pioneers. After five years of research, he wrote a book about
the Southwestern settlers called Early Americana, and Other Stories
(1936), and it was considered one of the best works of historical fiction
ever written about Western pioneers. He went on to write many more books,
including a trilogy about frontier life in Ohio: The Trees (1940),
The Fields (1946), and The Town (1950), which won the Pulitzer
Prize.
-1902: Harlem Renaissance writer Arna[ud] Wendell Bontemps was born in
Alexandria, Louisiana. For three generations, all the men in his family
had been brick masons, but after his mother's death when he was twelve,
his father sent him to a private school where he was the only black student.
He went on to be the first member of his family to get a college degree,
but his father was furious that he chose to study literature instead of
medicine or law. After he graduated from college, he moved to New York
City because, he said, he wanted to see what all the excitement was about.
The excitement was the Harlem Renaissance, and he quickly became friends
with writers like Langston Hughes, Jean Toomer, and James Weldon Johnson.
They encouraged him to publish his poetry and fiction, and his first novel,
God Sends Sunday, came out in 1931. He spent the rest of the Great
Depression moving around the South, teaching at different colleges, trying
to support his family and find time to write. He and his family lived
in a series of ramshackle houses with tin roofs and poor ventilation.
It often got so hot that he had to write his books on the front lawn under
the shade of a tree. Finally, money got so tight that he and his wife
had to move in with his father, who told him to give up writing and go
back to brick masonry. The room his father gave him was too small for
a writing desk, so he wrote his next novel on top of a sewing machine.
Based on an actual slave uprising, the novel was published in 1936 as
Black Thunder, and many people consider it his masterpiece. After
Bontemps's third novel got terrible reviews, he gave up writing fiction
and got a job as the chief librarian at Fisk University in Nashville,
Tennessee. He used his authority as a librarian to build up one of the
best collections of African American literature anywhere at the time,
and he went on to become one of the most important anthologizers of African
American literature, editing such books as The Poetry of the Negro,
1746-1949 (1949) and The Book of Negro Folklore (1958). Much
of the literature that he preserved and anthologized might have been lost
without him.
-1925: Comedian Lenny Bruce was born Leonard Schneider in the town of
Mineola on New York's Long Island. He got his start in comedy working
as an emcee for a strip club, where he told jokes as he introduced the
performers, and eventually he got his own show. At the time, comedians
told jokes methodically, with a set up and a punch line, over and over.
Bruce developed a new form of comedy where he just stood on stage and
talked about things like politics, society, religion, and race; and he
free-associated on those topics to make people laugh. People compared
his comedy to jazz.
-1941: Singer and songwriter Paul Simon was born in Newark, New Jersey.
His father was a musician and his mother was a music teacher. When he
was in sixth grade, he got a part in the school play as the White Rabbit
in Alice In Wonderland. A boy named Art Garfunkel played the Mad Hatter.
The two became friends after walking home from rehearsal every day. They
started a singing duo, playing sock hops and high school dances, and they
made a hit record when they were only sixteen years old. Simon and Garfunkel
recorded their first folk album, Wednesday Morning, 3 AM, in 1964,
but it only sold a few thousand copies. They figured their career was
probably over, but, unbeknownst to Simon and Garfunkel, their record label
had added electric guitars to the song "The Sounds of Silence"
and released it as a single. They had just moved back in with their parents
and were sitting in Simon's car, wondering what to do next, when they
heard the song come on the radio, and the DJ said it had gone to number
one. Simon turned to Garfunkel and said, "That Simon and Garfunkel,
they must be having a great time."
October 14
-1926: A.A. Milne's Winnie-the-Pooh was published
October 16
World Food Day
Feeding Minds, Fighting Hunger: http://www.feedingminds.org/default.htm
is designed to create a global classroom in which children and youth from
around the world study world hunger, food security, and nutrition. The
project is sponsored by many organizations including the United Nations,
the World Bank, Newsweek, and the American Federation of Teachers. The
site includes lessons for primary, intermediate, and secondary levels
and a discussion forum. Grades 1-12.
-1758: Noah Webster was born.
October 17
-1915: Arthur Miller was born.
-1989: San Francisco earthquake that measured 7.1 on the Richter scale.
October 18
-1889: Novelist Fannie Hurst was born.
-1919: Former Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau was born.
-1921: Sen. Jesse Helms, R-N.C., leading Senate conservative, was born.
-1925: Greek actress Melina Mercouri was born.
-1926: Rock 'n' roll legend Chuck Berry was born.
-1927: Actor George C. Scott was born.
-1933: Actor Peter Boyle was born.
-1939: Lee Harvey Oswald, assassin of President John F. Kennedy, was born.
-1939: Professional football coach Mike Ditka was born.
-1947: Actor Joe Morton was born.
1951: Actress Pam Dawber was born.
-1959: The Soviet Union announced an unmanned space vehicle had taken
the first pictures of the far side of the moon.
-1960: Actor Jean-Claude Van Damme was born.
-1961: Jazz musician Wynton Marsalis and actress Erin Moran ("Happy
Days"), were born.
-1974: The jury in the Watergate cover-up trial heard a tape recording
in which President Nixon told aide John Dean to try to stop the Watergate
burglary investigation before it implicated White House personnel.
-1984: President Reagan ordered an investigation of a CIA handbook for
Nicaraguan rebels that suggested assassination as a political tactic.
-1990: Iraq, pinched by economic sanctions, offered to sell oil to anyone
at half the going price.
-1991: Israel and the Soviet Union agreed to renew full diplomatic relations
for first time since 1967. The United States and Soviet Union formally
invited Israeli and Arab leaders to a conference in Madrid, Spain, to
initiate direct bilateral peace talks.
-1992: Numerous civilians were killed or wounded when Serbian forces unleashed
a citywide artillery barrage on Sarajevo, Bosnia-Hercegovina.
-1993: A Los Angeles jury acquitted two black defendants of most charges
in the beating of white truck driver Reginald Denny during the 1992 riots.
-1996: The Democratic National Committee halted fundraising efforts by
finance vice-chairman John Huang and returned a contribution from a South
Korean business group. Huang also
solicited contributions from wealthy Indonesians, one of whom reportedly
bragged about his influence in Washington.October 19
October 19
-1941: Germany sank U.S. merchant ship Lehigh (World
War II)
-1960: U.S. imposed an embargo on all exports form Cuba.
October 20
-1859: John Dewey was born.
-1931: Micky Mantle, U.S. baseball player who had 536 home runs and more
that 1700 strikeouts, was born.
October 22
-1873: New York's Metropolitan Opera House opened.
-1881: Boston Symphony Orchestra was founded.
October 25
-1881: Pablo Picasso was born.
October 26
-1825: Opening of the Erie Canal. The idea for the canal came from the
governor of New York, Dewitt Clinton. He was mocked for his plan to connect
the Atlantic Ocean with the Great Lakes, and his project was ridiculed
as "Clinton's Big Ditch." The canal was 360 miles long, 40 feet
wide, and 4 feet deep—just deep enough to float abarge carrying thirty
tons of freight. It was built by European immigrants—mostly Irish—who
were paid ten dollars a month. They were also given whiskey, which was
stored in barrels along the construction site. When the canal was finished,
cannons were lined up along the towpath just barely in earshot of each
other. They fired one after another from Lake Erie to New York City, finishing
the relay in 81 minutes.
-1911: Gospel singer Mahalia Jackson was born in New Orleans. She was
born into terrible poverty and lost both of her parents in childhood.
The family's house was right next to a church where Jackson first heard
gospel music. She also listened to early blues singers like Bessie Smith
and Ma Rainey. When she was sixteen, Jackson moved to Chicago and sang
with the Johnson Gospel Singers. She had a beautiful voice and became
well known in Chicago. Several record companies offered her contracts
to record her singing the blues. But Jackson was a devoted Baptist, and
refused to sing anything but gospel. She once said, "When you sing
gospel you have a feeling there is a cure for what's wrong. But when you
are through with the blues, you've got nothing to rest on." Jackson
was a champion of the civil rights movement, and close friends with Martin
Luther King, Jr. and his wife, Coretta Scott King. She sang at the March
on Washington in 1963, and she sang at King's funeral in 1968. She died
of heart failure four years later, in 1972. Her autobiography is called
Movin' On, and was published in 1966.
-1921: The only daughter of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Frances Scott Fitzgerald,
was born in St. Paul, Minnesota. She became a well-known journalist for
the Washington Post and the New York Times. She published three books,
one of which is called The Romantic Egotists (1974) about the colorful
lives or her parents.
October 27
-1722: Statesman and patriot Samuel Adams was born in Boston, Massachusetts.
As a young man, he tried to go into business for himself with some money
his father had given him, but the business failed and he lost everything.
He got a job as a tax collector, but he failed to collect any taxes and
his accounting books were a mess. It wasn't until the British passed the
Sugar Act of 1764 that he found his purpose in life. He was one of the
first members of the colonies to speak out against taxation without representation
and one of the first people to argue for the colonies' independence from
Great Britain. He was the leader of the American radicals, and he was
almost maniacal in his pursuit of American independence. He organized
riots and wrote propaganda, describing the British as murderers and slave
drivers. Adams said, "Mankind are governed more by their feelings
than by reason," and he had a genius for stirring up feelings. In
one speech he said, "If ye love wealth better than liberty, the tranquility
of servitude better than the animating contest of freedom, go home from
us in peace ... Crouch down and lick the hands which feed you. May your
chains set lightly upon you, and may posterity forget that ye were our
countrymen." He was so influential in his opposition to the British
that British soldiers tried to arrest him, but he and John Hancock hid
in a farmhouse and weren't found. He went on to become one of the signers
of the Declaration of Independence and participated in the Continental
Congress. He said, "It does not require a majority to prevail, but
rather an irate, tireless minority keen to set brush fires in people's
minds."
-1906: Hardboiled crime novelist Jim Thompson was born in Anadarko, Oklahoma.
He's best known for his novel The Killer Inside Me (1952) about
a friendly, beloved sheriff who is also a serial killer. Thompson grew
up in a town full of cattle thieves, gunfighters and bank robbers. He
tried for seven years to get a high school diploma, working all night
and going to school all day, but he finally dropped out and wandered around
Texas, living as a hobo and working in the oil fields. One of his hobo
friends encouraged him to write about his experiences, so he did. He spent
the 1930s writing for true crime magazines. His mother, his wife and his
sister would comb through the newspaper looking for crime stories, and
he rewrote them as fiction. The newspaper stories often gave him nightmares,
and he rewrote them with an emphasis on grisly violence, so that people
would be as horrified as he was. When he began to publish crime novels
like The Killer Inside Me (1952) and After Dark, My Sweet
(1955), they were so dark and violent that they were only issued as pulp
paperbacks and didn't get any critical attention. When he died in 1977,
most of his books were out of print, but he told his wife to keep his
manuscripts. He said, "Just you wait, I'll become famous after I'm
dead about ten years." About ten years later, in the mid-1980s, all
of his crime novels were republished. They are now considered classics
of the genre.
-1914: Dylan Thomas was born in Swansea, Wales. He described his home
town as "an ugly, lovely town . . . crawling, sprawling by a long
and splendid curving shore where truant boys and sandfield boys and men
from nowhere . . . watched the dock-bound ships or the ships steaming
away into wonder and India, magic and China, countries bright with oranges
and loud with lions." His father was a failed poet who worked as
a schoolmaster, and Dylan grew up terrified of his violent mood swings.
The only time he seemed to calm down, and the only time Thomas enjoyed
his company, was when he was reading Shakespeare aloud. After graduation,
Thomas got a job at a newspaper, but he was an awful reporter. He spent
all his time at pool halls and cafes, and when he did turn in stories,
the facts were all wrong. One of his co-workers said, "[He was] a
bombastic adolescent provincial Bohemian with a thick-knotted artist's
tie made out of his sister's scarf . . . a gabbing, ambitious, mock-tough,
pretentious young man." He became known as a rowdy drinker and late
night storyteller, and eventually quit his newspaper job and gave up on
trying to live like an ordinary man. He wrote, "[Poets are] men stepping
on clouds, snaring a world of beauty from the trees and sky, half wild,
half human."
-1917: Lawyer and novelist Louis Auchincloss was born in Lawrence, New
York. He is known for writing about the New York City upper class in books
like Portrait in Brownstone (1962), A World of Profit (1968),
and Diary of a Yuppie (1987). He grew up in one of the most prestigious
families in New York City, and spent his childhood in private schools
and private clubs, surrounded by debutants and servants. When his father
took him to Wall Street to introduce him to the business world, he was
horrified by what he called, "those dark narrow streets and those
tall sooty towers." He wanted to be a writer, but when his first
novel was rejected, he decided he wasn't cut out for the literary life
and became a lawyer. He finally published his first book, The Indifferent
Children, in 1947. It's an autobiographical novel about an upper-class
young man and his experiences during World War II. He has published almost
thirty books of fiction, most recently Her Infinite Variety.
-1932: Poet Sylvia Plath was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Her father
was a German-born professor of biology who specialized in bees. His health
began to decline when Plath was a baby, but he refused to see a doctor
because he was terrified that he might have cancer. He finally collapsed
in 1940, and it turned out he had diabetes. He died that same year, when
Plath was eight years old. Her family moved inland from the coast, and
she always associated the loss of her father with the loss of the sea.
She wrote, "Those first years of my life sealed themselves off like
a ship in a bottle—beautiful, inaccessible, obsolete, a fine, white
flying myth." In school, she became a straight-A student, got into
Smith on a scholarship and won all the prizes for writing contests. She
was beautiful and outgoing, and she wrote cheerful letters home to her
mother about all her successes. At the same time, she started keeping
a journal about her growing mood swings. She wrote, "It is as if
my life were magically run by two electric currents: joyous positive and
despairing negative—whichever is running at the moment dominates
my life, floods it."
-1940: Novelist and memoirist Maxine Hong Kingston was born Maxine Hong
in Stockton, California to Chinese immigrants. Growing up, she loved listening
to her parents tell partly fictional stories about her ancestors. After
studying at the University of California at Berkley, she decided that
she wanted to write a book about her family, and she used the same mix
of fact and imagination, telling the same stories from multiple angles.
She published these stories about her family in The Woman Warrior:
Memoirs of a Girlhood among Ghosts (1976), and China Men (1980).
She has since been called the most influential Asian American writer of
the twentieth century. Her most recent book is The Fifth Book of Peace
(2003).
October 28
-1886: Statue of Liberty was dedicated by U.S. President Grover Cleveland.
-1903: British satirist Evelyn Waugh, born in London. He came from a literary
family: his father was the managing editor of an important British publishing
house, and his older brother was a distinguished writer. But Waugh didn't
do well in school, and he left Oxford without receiving a degree. He tried
working as a teacher, but he got fired from three schools in two years.
He said, "I was from the first an obvious dud." He was seriously
in debt, without a job, and had just been rejected by the girl he liked,
so he decided to drown himself in the ocean. He wrote a suicide note and
jumped in the sea, but before he got very far, he was stung by a jellyfish.
He scrambled back to shore, tore up his suicide note, and decided to give
life a second chance. He didn't know what else to do, so he wrote a novel
about a young teacher at a private school where the other teachers are
all drunks, child molesters, and escaped convicts; and the mother of one
student is running an international prostitution ring. His publishers
forced him to preface the book with a disclaimer that said, "Please
bear in mind throughout that it is meant to be funny." The novel
Decline and Fall was published in 1928, and it was immediately
recognized as a masterpiece of modern satire. He married a woman named
Evelyn, and his friends called them He-Evelyn and She-Evelyn. The marriage
broke up while he was writing his second novel, and he promptly joined
the Catholic Church. He went on to write many more novels, and many consider
A Handful of Dust (1934), about a crumbling marriage, to be his
masterpiece. It ends with the main character trapped in a jungle, reading
Dickens to a madman.
-1929: Poet John Hollander, born in New York City.
He originally wanted to be a humor writer, and he's known for the quirky
themes he chooses for his poetry collections. His book Reflections
on Espionage: The Question of Cupcake (1976) is a long poem about
a master spy who transmits coded messages to other secret agents. His
collection Types of Shape (1969) is a series of poems that are
arranged on the page so that the words form pictures of things, like a
key, a cup, or a swan reflected in water. His thirteenth collection of
poems was The Power of Thirteen (1983), which is broken up into
thirteen sections of thirteen poems. Each poem has thirteen lines and
each line has thirteen syllables.
October 30
-1751: Richard Brinsley Sheridan was born near Dublin, Ireland. His mother
and father were both playwrights, and his father was also a scholar of
English who had written a dictionary. His grandfather, Thomas Sheridan,
was a close friend of the great Irish writer Jonathan Swift. Sheridan's
most famous play, The Rivals, was produced in 1775, when he was
just 23 years old. The play is a romantic comedy known for its witty dialogue.
Sheridan wrote and produced two more successes, The School for Scandal
(1777) and St. Patrick's Day (1775), which boosted the popularity
of his theater. On his 28th birthday, Sheridan's final comedy, The
Critic (1779), premiered. After that he became a member of parliament.
He became known as an outgoing, adventurous, and witty orator.
-1885: American poet Ezra Pound was born in Hailey, Idaho. Early in his
life he resolved to "know more about poetry than any man living."
He went to college at the University of Pennsylvania, where he met one
of the many writers he would befriend and help in his life, William Carlos
Williams. He settled in London in 1908, where he began to explore the
poetry of Greece, China, America, and contemporary England. Pound was
set on supporting innovations in all kinds of literature. He critically
and financially supported writers like James Joyce, Robert Frost, and
T.S. Eliot. He said he had "to keep alive a certain group of advancing
poets, to set the arts in their rightful place as the acknowledged guide
and lamp of civilization." The poet whom Pound helped the most was
T.S. Eliot. In 1914, he convinced a publisher to print Eliot's poem, "The
Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock." Seven years later, he edited Eliot's
work, "The Waste Land" (1922), considered one of the twentieth
century's best poems. Eliot dedicated the book to Pound, whom he called
"il miglior fabbro," or the better craftsman.
October 31
National Magic Day
Cave of Magic: http://www.caveofmagic.com/
"Pick a card, any card." Even though Simeon performs only one
trick, he does it very well.
Magic over the Web: http://www.rit.edu/~dmm4971/trick1.html
"I have a deck of cards in which all the Tens, Jacks, Queens, Kings,
and Aces have been removed. The remaining deck was shuffled and I pulled
out a card, which you can see face down. I want you to think of one the
remaining thirty-one cards." This trick involves some math, so if
you make a mistake along the way, the ending won't make any sense. I recommend
writing down your answers as you go along.
Mulawa Magic: http://members.ozemail.com.au/~mulawa1/magic/index.html
"Mulawa" is an Australian aboriginal word
meaning "shadow of trees" and it "is what we call our two
[Australian] acres ... it is near tropical Townsville and is an idyllic
place to live." The author introduces his eight tricks humbly "It's
very difficult to entertain you in cyberspace but ... here goes ..."
Halloween
*CLASSICAL GHASTLIES: http://music.mpr.org/features/0010_halloween/
*DAY OF THE DEAD: http://www.azcentral.com/ent/dead/
*DO VAMPIRES REALLY EXIST?: http://www.microsoft.com/education/vampire.mspx
In this spooky lesson at the Microsoft education website, students use
Excel to predict how many vampires are in the world, based on the legend
that, once bitten, each victim becomes a vampire. Extrapolating how many
vampires would populate the earth in 30+ weeks, students then compare
the total predicted vampire population against earth's total human population.
*EAR-CURDLING CLASSICAL MUSIC: http://music.mpr.org/features/9710_halloween/
*EVANSVILLE COURIER AND PRESS GHOST CAM: http://www.libraryghost.com/
Is the Wllard library haunted? This site has scary sounds, too.
*FAMILY EDUCATION.COM: http://familyeducation.com/article/0,1120,45-25952,00.html
multiple links to "Ghoulish Recipes," "Pumpkin Carving
101," and BrainPOP's special page for the holiday, including "Experiment
with Bob the Ex-Lab Rat"
*FOOD FOR THE ANCESTORS: http://www.pbs.org/foodancestors/main.html
*GHOST WATCH AT IRELANDSEYE.COM: http://www.irelandseye.com/ghost/index.shtm
A webcam from a mill in Belfast Ireland where a worker died in 1912. Many
people believe she still haunts the mill.
*HALLOWEEN: http://www.sbcss.k12.ca.us/sbcss/specialeducation/ecthematic/halloween/
Geared toward teachers of younger children, you will find bulletin
board ideas, and activities having to do with motor development, language
development, music, etc.
*HALLOWEEN CLIP ART: http://www.halloween-clipart.com/
Hundreds of Halloween images free for the taking
*HALLOWEEN COSTUME IDEAS FOR FRUGAL PARENTS: http://childfun.com/schoolage/costumes.shtml
* HALLOWEEN COSTUMES FOR CHILDREN THAT USE WHEELCHAIRS: http://www.bridgeschool.org/about/about_halloween.html
Ghosts, goblins, and beautiful princesses can be found rolling through
the classrooms and across the playground each year on October 31st. Kids
in wheelchairs have the chance to not only "dress up" in costumes
but to create an entire traveling "scene" for Halloween.
*HALLOWEEN CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS: http://www.religioustolerance.org/hallo_cu.htm
This is a particularly reliable source on the religious underpinnings
of Halloween customs.
*HALLOWEEN FUN AT KIDS' DOMAIN: http://www.kidsdomain.com/holiday/halloween/
Craft projects, games, puzzles, stories and more.
*HALLOWEEN FUN FROM NASA KIDS:
http://kids.msfc.nasa.gov/events/halloween.html?list32108-157
Come explore the new haunted mansion!! Find your way inside, then find
all the clues for a special message.
*HALLOWEEN LESSON PLANS: http://www.LessonPlansPage.com/Halloween.htm
*HALLOWEEN MAKE-UP, BRUISES AND BLOOD: http://www.thefamilycorner.com/family/kids/crafts/makeup_halloween.shtml
"Dressing up for Halloween is so much fun! Enjoy it even more knowing
that you and your little goblins prepared their faces for the frightful
night. Face paint is inexpensive when you make it yourself, and it's safer
than a mask that can obscure vision."
* Halloween Makeup [RecipeSource]:
http://www.recipe-source.com/holiday/halloween/00/rec0056.html
*HALLOWEEN SONGS MUSIC LESSON PLANS: http://www.LessonPlansPage.com/MusicOHalloweenSongs-1SafetyP2.htm
*HALLOWEEN TEACHING THEME:
http://teachers.teach-nology.com/themes/holidays/halloween/
*HALLOWEEN WORKSHEETS!: http://www.edhelper.com/halloween.htm
*HOW HALLOWEEN WORKS: http://www.howstuffworks.com/halloween.htm
What does Halloween mean? Read about Samhain, All Saints' Day, American
traditions and more.
*THE HISTORY CHANNEL: http://www.historychannel.com/exhibits/halloween/
explains the evolution from the Celts' Samhain, marking the end of the
harvest and the beginning of dark, cold winter, to the costumes brought
over by European immigrants to today's "trick-or-treating" and
Halloween around the world.
*THE LESSON PLAN PAGE - HALLOWEEN LESSON PLANS: http://www.lessonplanspage.com/Halloween.htm
*MEXICO'S DAYS OF THE DEAD: http://www.mexconnect.com/mex_/feature/daydeadindex.html
*PUMPKIN NOOK'S HALLOWEEN CENTRAL: http://www.pumpkinnook.com/haloween.htm
Facts, party ideas, clipart, kid's stuff, and a sprinkling of scary stuff
thrown in for good measure
*THE PUMPKIN PATCH: http://www.backyardgardener.com/pump.html
All about pumpkins. How to grow them, how to carve them, and get your
seeds here, too. 50 halloween pumpkin images.
*TEACHERVISION.COM: HALLOWEEN:
http://www.teachervision.com/lesson-plans/lesson-6626.phtml
Find lesson plans, activities, games, printables for all grade levels
and subject areas.
*WANDA'S HALLOWEEN COOKBOOK: http://www.halloweenkitchen.com/
*WHAT CAN YOU DO WITH A PUMPKIN: http://www.kinderart.com/seasons/whattodowithapumpkin.shtml
*THE WHITE HOUSE HAPPY HALLOWEEN: http://www.whitehouse.gov/holiday/halloween/index.html
One place some people have run into ghosts is 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue.
The White House is supposedly haunted by past presidents and their families.
The official White House Web site has videos of White House staff talking
about their experiences with possible ghosts. There's also
a transcript of a Q&A with the chief usher talking about the White
House's haunted past. There's a funny story of Mrs. Carter and one of
the maids dressing up as ghosts and scaring Amy and some of Amy's friends
one Halloween night.
*WICKEDLY EASY HALLOWEEN COSTUMES:
http://family.go.com/crafts/season/feature/famf0901costumes/
Family.com's costumes are easy and original. Whether you decide to create
fairy wings from queen-size pantyhose stretched over nine-gauge aluminum
or to glue large felt mouse ears onto a grey hooded sweatshirt, each of
these fourteen ideas seem to strike just the right balance between effort
and result. For a page of even easier ideas, follow the very last link
to Last-Minute Costumes.
-1517: Martin Luther began the Protestant Reformation by nailing a proclamation,
95 Theses, to the door of Witten berg Palace Church in Wittenberg,
Germany.
-1632: Dutch painter Jan Vermeer was born.
-1795: English poet John Keats was born in London. Keats's short life
was marked by the deaths of friends and family members. His father died
when he was nine, and one year later his grandfather died. When he was
fifteen, his mother died of tuberculosis, the disease that eventually
killed his brother and, later, Keats himself. Keats said he felt "a
personal soreness which the world has exacerbated." He began writing
poetry after he had started his career as an apothecary in London. His
first book, Poems (1817), was not well received. His publishers
dropped him, but other poets saw promise in his work. His breakthrough
poem was a sonnet called "On first looking into Chapman's Homer."
Keats had stayed up all night reading George Chapman's translations of
the Iliad and the Odyssey with a friend. They stopped reading
at 6:00 A.M., and by 10:00, Keats had written the poem and set it on the
breakfast table for his friend.
-1860: Girl Scouts founder Juliette Gordon Low was born.
-1864: Nevada was admitted to the Union as the 36th state.
-1887: Generalissimo Chiang Kai-Shek, the first leader of Nationalist
China, was born.
-1900: Actress/singer Ethel Waterswas born.
-1920: Mystery writer Dick Francis was born in Lawrenny, Wales. After
serving in the Air Force during World War II, Francis became a steeplechase
jockey. He was an enormous success, winning over 350 races. He was nationally
famous, and even became the official steeplechase jockey for Queen Elizabeth.
After several bad falls, he retired from racing at age 37 and became the
racing correspondent for the London Sunday Express. After working
for the newspaper for a while, he began writing novels. His first book,
Dead Cert (1962), launched his long career as a mystery writer.
His 36 novels, including Blood Sport (1967) and Bonecrack
(1972), are stories of murder and villainy set in the world of horse racing.
-1912: Actress Dale Evans was born.
-1922: Barbara Bel Geddes was born.
-1926: Magician, illusionist and escape artist Harry Houdini died of peritonitis
in a Detroit hospital following a blow to the abdomen.
-1931: Astronaut Michael Collins was born.
-1931: TV news anchorman Dan Rather was born. With the Great Depression
in full swing, the U.S. Treasury Department announced that 827 banks had
failed during the past two months.
-1936: Actor/producer Michael Landon was born.
-1937: Folk singer/songwriter Tom Paxton was born.
-1941: The Mount Rushmore National Memorial -- consisting of the sculpted
heads of Presidents Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln and Teddy Roosevelt
-- was completed.
-1942: Actor David Ogden Stiers was born.
-1943: Stephen Rea was born.
-1945: Violin virtuoso Itzhak Perlman was born.
-1948: Actress Deidre Hall was born.
-1950: Comic actor John Candy and broadcaster Jane Pauley were born.
-1963: Comic actor Rob Schneider was born.
-1967: Rapper Vanilla Ice was born.
-1968: President Johnson announced a halt to the bombing of North Vietnam.
-1984: India's Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was assassinated by Sikh guards.
Her son, Rajiv, succeeded her.
-1985: Salvage divers located the remains of the booty-laden pirate ship
Whydah, which sank Feb. 17, 1717, off Cape Cod, Mass.
-1988: Former Philippine first lady Imelda Marcos pleaded innocent to
charges that she and her husband, deposed President Ferdinand Marcos,
embezzled more than $100 million from the Philippine government.
-1990: Egypt rebuffed a call by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev for a
peaceful settlement to the Gulf crisis, but a key Soviet diplomat said
his government had not ruled out military force.
-1992: More than 300 people were killed in renewed fighting as Angola
slid back into civil war.
-1993: Voters in Peru narrowly approved a new constitution, increasing
the power of the presidency.
-1994: A twin-engine commuter plane crashed into
a soybean field 30 miles south of Gary, Ind. All 68 persons aboard were
killed.
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